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Building Bridges for Economic Integration: Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda

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As South Asia’s second-largest economy, Pakistan has long been an important player in the region’s economic landscape. In recent years, the country has focused on promoting regional cooperation as a means of building bridges and strengthening economic ties with its neighbors. This strategy has become increasingly important in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has highlighted the need for greater economic integration and collaboration across borders.

Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda for building bridges is a key strategy for promoting economic integration in the region. By focusing on initiatives that promote trade, investment, and connectivity, Pakistan is laying the foundation for a more prosperous and interconnected South Asia.

In this article, we will explore the importance of regional cooperation for economic integration, analyze Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda, and discuss the challenges and obstacles that must be overcome to achieve greater economic integration in the region. We will also examine the potential for regional cooperation to drive future economic growth and respond to potential counterarguments to the effectiveness of Pakistan’s initiatives.

Importance of Regional Cooperation for Economic Integration

Regional cooperation is crucial for promoting economic integration in developing regions like South Asia. Economic integration leads to increased trade, efficiency, and productivity, which can stimulate economic growth and job creation. Pakistan’s strategic location makes it an important hub for trade and connectivity in the region. Despite political tensions and security concerns, Pakistan has made efforts through regional cooperation initiatives such as SAARC and CPEC to promote economic integration with its neighbors. By leveraging its strategic location and working together with its neighbors, Pakistan can increase trade, investment, and connectivity, leading to greater economic growth and prosperity for all countries in the region. Additionally, economic integration promotes sharing best practices and technology, leading to the development of new industries and job opportunities.

Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda

Pakistan has made significant efforts to promote regional cooperation in South Asia and beyond. From the early days of its independence, the country has recognized the importance of building strong regional relationships as a means of promoting economic growth and regional stability.

One of Pakistan’s most important initiatives to promote regional cooperation is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a massive infrastructure development project that aims to connect Pakistan with China and other countries in the region. The project, which involves investments in transportation, energy, and other key sectors, is expected to generate significant economic benefits for Pakistan and other countries in the region.

In addition to the CPEC, Pakistan has also been an active member of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), a regional organization that aims to promote economic, social, and cultural cooperation among its member states. Through its involvement in SAARC, Pakistan has worked to promote greater economic integration and connectivity in South Asia.

Despite these efforts, however, Pakistan’s regional cooperation agenda has faced significant challenges. Political tensions with neighboring India, for example, have often hampered efforts to build closer economic ties and promote regional integration. Security concerns and instability in neighboring Afghanistan have also posed challenges to Pakistan’s regional cooperation agenda.

Moreover, some critics argue that Pakistan’s focus on infrastructure development and economic integration may not be sufficient to address the root causes of regional instability and conflicts. Instead, they argue that more attention should be given to addressing issues such as poverty, inequality, and human rights violations, which can contribute to instability and conflict in the region.

Despite these challenges and criticisms, however, Pakistan’s efforts to promote regional cooperation have the potential to unlock significant economic benefits and promote greater regional stability. By working together with its neighbors and promoting greater economic integration and connectivity, Pakistan can help to build a more prosperous and secure South Asia for all.

Pakistan has been an active member of both the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), two regional organizations aimed at promoting economic cooperation and integration. However, in recent years, Pakistan has increasingly focused its attention on the ECO as a means of promoting regional economic integration.

One key reason for this shift is that the ECO includes countries beyond South Asia, such as Iran, Turkey, and Azerbaijan, which offer significant opportunities for economic cooperation and trade. In contrast, SAARC has been hampered by political tensions and conflicts between its member states, which have often limited its effectiveness in promoting economic integration.

Furthermore, the ECO has a greater focus on infrastructure development, which is seen as a key driver of economic growth and integration. For example, the ECO Trade and Development Bank has provided funding for several infrastructure projects in the region, including the Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India (TAPI) gas pipeline and the Central Asia-South Asia (CASA) 1000 electricity transmission project.

In addition, the ECO has also launched many initiatives aimed at promoting greater economic integration and cooperation, such as the ECO Transit Transport Framework Agreement and the ECO Trade Agreement. These agreements aim to reduce trade barriers and increase economic cooperation between member states, which can lead to increased trade and investment and greater economic growth in the region.

Challenges and Obstacles

While Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda holds promise for promoting economic integration in the region, several challenges and obstacles must be addressed for these initiatives to be successful.

One of the biggest challenges is the ongoing conflict between India and Pakistan, which has long hindered progress on regional economic integration. The two countries have a history of tense relations and territorial disputes, which have made it difficult to implement regional initiatives such as the SAARC Free Trade Agreement.

Another major obstacle is the lack of physical infrastructure in the region. Many areas of Pakistan and neighboring countries lack basic infrastructure such as roads, ports, and airports, which makes it difficult to transport goods and conduct trade. This lack of infrastructure is a significant barrier to economic integration and requires significant investment and planning to address.

Additionally, there are also significant political and economic differences between the member states of regional organizations such as SAARC and the ECO, which can make it difficult to agree on common policies and initiatives. These differences can also create tensions and conflicts that further hinder progress on economic integration.

To address these challenges, there are some potential solutions that Pakistan and other countries can pursue. One approach is to focus on building physical infrastructure, such as highways and ports that can facilitate trade and transportation across the region. This will require significant investment and cooperation between member states but can be a critical step towards greater economic integration.

Another approach is to work towards reducing political tensions and resolving conflicts between member states. This may involve diplomatic efforts and negotiations aimed at finding common ground and building trust between countries in the region.

Finally, regional organizations such as SAARC and the ECO can also work towards promoting greater economic and political convergence between member states. This could involve initiatives such as harmonizing trade policies and regulations, promoting investment in key industries, and developing joint economic development strategies.

Regional Cooperation and Future Economic Growth:

Regional cooperation has the potential to drive economic growth in the future, both for Pakistan and the wider region. The benefits of regional cooperation are numerous and can lead to increased trade, investment, and productivity.

One key opportunity for economic growth through regional cooperation initiatives is the development of regional infrastructure. This includes the construction of roads, bridges, ports, and other transportation infrastructure that can facilitate the movement of goods and people across borders. Regional infrastructure projects can reduce transportation costs, improve logistics, and increase connectivity between different countries, all of which can have a positive impact on economic growth.

Another opportunity for economic growth through regional cooperation is the development of regional value chains. This involves the coordination of production processes across different countries in the region, allowing each country to specialize in certain stages of the production process. By working together in this way, countries can take advantage of economies of scale, reduce production costs, and increase efficiency, leading to increased competitiveness and economic growth.

Furthermore, regional cooperation can lead to the development of a larger and more integrated market, allowing firms to access a wider customer base and leading to increased competition and innovation. This can drive down prices for consumers and increase the quality of goods and services, further contributing to economic growth.

However, there are also challenges to achieving these opportunities for economic growth through regional cooperation. One challenge is the lack of trust between countries in the region, which can lead to protectionist policies and barriers to trade and investment. Another challenge is the differing levels of development between countries, which can make it difficult to coordinate regional initiatives and ensure that all countries benefit equally.

To overcome these challenges, it is important to promote greater trust and cooperation between countries in the region and to develop policies and programs that take into account the different levels of development and capacity of each country. This might involve providing technical assistance, capacity-building programs, and other forms of support to countries that are less developed or have less experience with regional cooperation initiatives.

Analysis:

In my analysis, some powerful countries outside the region may indeed oppose regional cooperation initiatives that could challenge their economic dominance. However, I believe that member countries such as Pakistan can work together to negotiate and form strategic partnerships with these countries, showcasing the benefits of regional cooperation and economic integration. By doing so, they may be able to persuade outside countries to join in or at least not actively oppose their efforts.

I acknowledge that political instability and conflict in the region can undermine the effectiveness of regional cooperation initiatives. However, I also believe that such initiatives can promote peace and stability in the long term by fostering economic interdependence and shared prosperity. By providing a platform for dialogue and cooperation, regional initiatives can facilitate the resolution of political disputes and contribute to building trust and understanding among member countries.

I agree that differences in economic systems and levels of development among member countries can pose challenges to regional cooperation. Nonetheless, I see these differences as opportunities for cooperation and mutual learning. Member countries can share best practices and learn from one another to address common challenges and achieve shared goals. Moreover, by promoting economic integration and convergence, regional cooperation can help to reduce economic disparities and promote inclusive growth for all member countries.

Conclusion

Taking everything into account, Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda for building bridges toward economic integration in the region has the potential to drive economic growth, promote peace and stability, and reduce economic disparities. Through initiatives such as the Economic Cooperation Organization, Pakistan and other member countries can work together to foster economic interdependence, share best practices, and address common challenges. While there may be challenges and obstacles to overcome, the benefits of regional cooperation far outweigh the costs.

This article has explored Pakistan’s initiatives to promote regional cooperation, the effectiveness of these efforts, potential challenges and solutions, and opportunities for future economic growth through regional cooperation initiatives. It has also addressed potential counterarguments to the effectiveness of Pakistan’s Regional Cooperation Agenda and provided analysis and responses to these counterarguments.

In light of these findings, it is clear that regional cooperation is a key strategy for promoting economic integration in the region, and for Pakistan, it is the Economic Cooperation Organization that meets all the prerequisites of regional cooperation leading to regional economic integration. By prioritizing regional cooperation, Pakistan and other member countries can unlock the potential for shared prosperity and contribute to the development of a more integrated, stable, and prosperous region.

Waqar Ali is a dedicated Government and Public Policy student at National Defence University Islamabad, from Orakzai Agency in FATA. He is passionate about using his education to drive positive change in society, and has a strong commitment to academic excellence and community service. Waqar is poised to make a meaningful contribution to the field of public policy in Pakistan and beyond.

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Price hike in Pakistan: the worst of all worries

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The most serious issue Pakistan’s economy is currently dealing with is price increases or inflation. Life has become miserable for the average person as a result of the ongoing increase in the cost of necessities like food, fuel, and medicine. The general public’s standard of living is not the only thing this phenomenon is affecting; it is also fueling social unrest across the nation.

There are numerous factors contributing to the price increase. The rise in the price of oil on the global market comes first. Pakistan relies heavily on imported oil, and when the price of crude oil increases globally, it has a negative impact on the regional economy. The issue has also been exacerbated by Pakistan’s struggling economy, high-interest rates, and currency devaluation.

However, several causes can be identified for Pakistan’s dollar exchange rate’s ongoing rise. One of the main causes is the nation’s substantial import bill, which raises the demand for dollars. Energy and other necessities must be imported into Pakistan, and the pressure on its foreign exchange reserves is increased by the high demand for dollars to pay for these imports. Further weakening Pakistan’s currency is the fact that its exports have not been able to keep up with its imports, resulting in a trade deficit. Due to investors’ reluctance to invest in a nation with an unstable economy, political unrest, and economic ambiguity have also boosted the dollar rate.

Similarly, the debt incurred by Pakistan is a sizable additional factor in raising the dollar rate in that country. Pakistan has one of the highest debt-to-GDP ratios in the world and has borrowed a significant amount of money from international financial institutions to meet its financial needs. The pressure from this borrowing has reduced the nation’s foreign exchange reserves and devalued its currency. The country’s economy has been severely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, necessitating a significant fiscal stimulus on the part of the government. This has further aggravated the situation. In Pakistan, the dollar rate has been rising steadily as a result of all these factors working together.

Simultaneously, inflation and price increases affect Pakistan’s politics as well as its economy. The opposition parties are using the government’s inability to control the price increase as a major issue to attack it and win over the public. The opposition parties are protesting and demonstrating against the government, accusing it of being responsible for the price increase. They contend that the general populace is suffering because the government’s policies have failed to control inflation. The price increase controversy is being manipulated by the opposition to advance their own political goals and turn the public against the ruling party.

The government, on the other hand, is making an effort to address the issue by implementing a variety of measures, including raising subsidies for necessities and lowering import taxes. However, the opposition parties are utilizing this failure to their advantage because these measures have failed to contain inflation. Similarly, the price increase has important political repercussions. Public support for the opposition parties is growing, while support for the government is eroding. If the government is unable to control the price increase, it may trigger more political unrest, demonstrations, and even violence.

Therefore, a price increase has far-reaching effects. The groups with lower incomes are most negatively impacted because they cannot afford the necessities of life. They are compelled to reduce their food intake as well as their health and education spending. The middle class is also suffering. After all, they must second-guess any major purchases because their purchasing power has significantly dropped.

In addition to economic issues, the price increase is also creating social ones. As they struggle to meet their basic needs, people are growing agitated and desperate. Riots, demonstrations, and protests against the government are being sparked by this annoyance. As people struggle more to make ends meet, inflation also causes a rise in the crime rate.

The government must act swiftly and effectively to stop the price increase. Controlling the hoarding and smuggling of essential commodities is the first step. Second, to lessen their reliance on imports, they must make investments in regional industries. Additionally, the government should prioritize economic expansion because it can result in more job opportunities and, ultimately, greater purchasing power for the average citizen.

The government needs to pay attention to it right away and take action. The stability of the nation’s social and economic systems is in jeopardy, and if the issue is not quickly resolved, it might fuel more unrest and instability. This issue requires both political and economic solutions. The public must see that the government is acting practically to control inflation by effectively communicating its policies to them. Furthermore, the opposition parties should cooperate with the government to find a solution rather than use the price increase issue for political purposes.

To address the issue, the government must take a comprehensive approach that includes both immediate and long-term actions. The private sector and civil society can both be crucial players in finding solutions to the issue. The only way the nation can hope to overcome the problem of price increases and guarantee a higher standard of living for its citizens is through collective effort.

The opposition parties should work with the government to find a solution to this issue, as the government must act quickly and effectively to control inflation. The common people’s lives are being impacted by the price increase, and resolving it will require a collaborative effort from all parties involved. The federal government ought to prioritize long-term economic plans that can boost employment opportunities, reduce reliance on imports, and promote sustainable economic growth. To encourage trade and commerce, the government ought to work on enhancing the infrastructure, such as the roads and communication systems.

Additionally, the government needs to take strict action against anyone hoarding, smuggling, or profiting from the situation in order to make extra money. In order to boost production and lessen reliance on imports, the government should also support local industries by offering incentives and support.

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Vietnam’s macroeconomic policy and post COVID recovery

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As per the latest IMF  reports real Gross Domestic Product(GDP)  of Vietnam in 2023 is estimated at 6.2 percent. This clearly shows that Vietnam has been avoiding the usual recessionary trends across the Asian markets and is showing better than average growth .With inflation rate being less than 4 per cent, it clearly shows that Vietnam is likely to emerge as a promising economy in Asia. According to the regional economic outlook which has been released by the IMF , it clearly projects that there are high expectations of uncharacteristic slow down in China benefitting competitors such as Vietnam, Philippines and Indonesia .

 Asian Development Bank(ADB) has forecasted that Vietnam’s GDP was expected to grow by 6.5% in 2022 and nearly 6.7% forecasted for the year 2023. If one looks into the comparative forecast for countries in Southeast Asia it is stated that Philippines will grow by 6.3 per cent  ,Cambodia 6.2  per cent ,Indonesia 5 per cent, Thailand 4.2 per cent , Laos 3.5 per cent ,and so on. If one looks into the core fundamentals of Vietnam following the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been clearly stated that Vietnam’s annual economic growth rate  hovered between 6.3 per cent to 6.5 per cent for the decade preceding the current one.

One of the major aspects of this better than average economic growth was high foreign direct investment, increased domestic consumption, sizeable increase in the middle class, and Vietnam’s focus on promoting its manufacturing to be export  oriented. In terms of other critical aspects Vietnam has been securing loans from many other international agencies over the past few years. With funding and grants from different international economic agencies ,Vietnam has been able to upgrade its road, rail transport and border connectivity infrastructure along with promoting social economic growth of nearly 243,000 people across the provinces.

 One of the mainstays of Vietnam economy has been small and medium enterprises along with active participation of women.These enterprises  have been getting bank credit and technical assistance through different initiatives such as public private partnerships, promotion of private sector development, and extensive reforms in state owned enterprises. Vietnam has been preparing well for facing the severity of climate change and also undertaking pilot projects for post disaster reconstruction and rehabilitation. It has institutional arrangements with World  bank and Netherlands to develop resilience for the coastal areas particularly Mekong delta to undertake comprehensive efforts in mitigating the climate change effects.

Over a period of time Vietnam has been making serious efforts in emerging as a knowledge network society. This includes improving policy applications, enhancing capacities of stakeholders and providing information to the communities on a regular basis. Vietnam has also received more than USD $ 2 million grant for climate resilient inclusive infrastructure through high technology fund from ADB. In terms of meeting UN sustainable development goals, Vietnam has successfully provided electricity to its cent percent population.

It has been stated that Vietnam is one of the economies which is going to benefit from Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership(RCEP) given the reduction in tariffs during the period 2020 to 2035 and because of these reductions the export of electrical equipment and machinery from Vietnam is going to grow to the level of 12.1% while the main stay of its exports primarily textiles and apparels are going to grow by nearly 10%. Given the fact that RCEP would facilitate Vietnam’s entry into high end markets such as Japan, Australia and New Zealand might translate into better trade revenues.

In fact better integration with regional economies would promote its sectors such as tourism, entertainment, education, agriculture, automobile telecommunication, and IT. Two different aspects have gained international attention because of Vietnam ranked 70th out of 190 countries in terms of ease of doing business, and its major strength has been the young population as nearly 70 per cent of its population is aged between 15 to 64. This large working population reduces social security liabilities to the aging population. Major work which has been done by the current Vietnamese government is its national strategy for Environmental Protection 2030 with a comprehensive plan under Vision 2050.

It  is expected that Vietnam’s construction sector is going to grow because of increase spending on infrastructure projects along with improvement in regional connectivity through rail, road, and air transport infrastructure. There are high expectations that Vietnam tourism sector will post impressive  recovery, and  last year the country witnessed an increase of tourist arrivals by more than 185 per cent in the first four months  of 2022. The tourism sector is going to increase further given the fact that Vietnam has signed a comprehensive agreement in boosting sustainable tourism and post COVID recovery at the national level. During the period 2022 to 2025 it is expected that the cumulative average growth rate of tourism would be 13.5% average each year .

As per the global  data set and the General Statistical Office of Vietnam, the industrial production is also going to increase substantially and export orders as well as internal domestic demand is going to bring about remarkable improvement in production as well as exports. Last year, the G7 countries have agreed to grant a loan of US  $5.5 billion for helping Vietnam transition from coal to other sources for power generation. This was based on the promise that Vietnam should make plans for shifting to nearly 50 per cent of its power requirements from renewable energy by the year 2030. It is also expected that foreign direct investment in Vietnam is going to be steady with high tech industries, knowledge based service industries, and education gaining the maximum investments. The real estate and construction sector are other sectors which are going to gain international attention.

This year it is expected that public investment would be helpful in post pandemic recovery and under the Socio Economic Recovery and Development Programme nearly US $15.4 billion has been approved for accelerating the economic growth. Furthermore, commodity exports is likely to see a remarkable two digit jump and the FTAs that Vietnam has signed with various partners will help in building the capacities of Vietnamese manufacturing sector in product transformation, exploring diversified markets, better restructuring, and skill development at different levels. The transformation is also happening in terms of fiscal and monetary prudence as well as undertaking reforms within banking system and financial governance. The anti corruption drive that the Vietnam has undertaken in the last few years have built the investor confidence and it is expected that Vietnam will reap the dividends of better business environment, market connectivity, and relatively comparative advantage among other competitors in Southeast Asia. As expected the fundamentals are getting stronger, and therefore Vietnam can witness a stronger economic growth and better macroeconomic stability in the year 2023.

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Azerbaijan’s Favorable Climate for Foreign Investments

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Azerbaijan, situated at the crossroads of Europe and Asia, presents investors with plentiful opportunities, chiefly in the area of oil and gas, tourism, and agriculture, as well as policies developed to stimulate foreign investment and enhance the investment environment. Furthermore, Azerbaijan invested in order to gain access to additional markets and strengthen its presence in the international economy, and the country has committed capital to sectors such as energy, real estate, infrastructure, and tourism.

Azerbaijan’s economy has seen an impressive rate of growth over the past decade. According to the World Bank, the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) increased by 1.4% in 2020, despite the global pandemic. This serves as a testament to the fortitude of Azerbaijan’s economy, which has endured multiple economic disturbances in the past. Estimations suggest that Azerbaijan’s Gross Domestic Product is approximately $54 billion, with an average annual increase of 1.9% over the past four years. Azerbaijan has experienced a steady low rate of unemployment over the past decade, with an average of 5%, indicating a strong labor market and a prosperous business environment.

Azerbaijan has cultivated wise investments in fields that demonstrate promising growth and profitability. The efforts of the nation to broaden its economic base have proven successful, resulting in a decrease in its reliance on petroleum. Azerbaijan has achieved notable success in diversifying its economic base and diminishing its dependence on oil exports. The non-oil exports of Azerbaijan have been rising continuously in the recent years; as reported by the Azerbaijan Export and Investment Promotion Agency (AZPROMO), there was a 47.2% ($2713.40 million) and 12.3% ($3047.67 million) increase in 2021 and 2022 respectively. Between January and February of 2023, the country recorded an increase of 36.6% in non-oil export earnings, amounting to approximately $651.42 million, compared to the same period the year before.

Multinational corporations from around the world are highly eager to access Azerbaijan’s natural resources, mainly its oil and gas reserves. In 2020, Azerbaijan’s oil production reached 33.5 million tons, followed by 29.5 million tons and 32.8 million tons in 2021 and 2022 respectively, as reported by the State Oil Company of the Republic of Azerbaijan (SOCAR), thus placing the nation among the major oil-producing countries in the region. Oil production is projected to reach 35 million barrels in 2023. According to the Oil and Gas Journal, Azerbaijan has more than 2 trillion cubic meters of natural gas reserves, representing a significant opportunity for energy companies worldwide.

In 2020, Azerbaijan attracted a total of $4.5 billion in foreign direct investment (FDI):

Azerbaijan saw a 5.9% increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) compared to the past year, which made it one of the most prominent FDI recipients within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) area. In 2020, the United Kingdom, Turkey and the United States were the top three countries by FDI in Azerbaijan, with the United Kingdom contributing $1.7 billion, Turkey investing $577 million and the United States investing $475 million, according to the Central Bank of Azerbaijan.

Furthermore, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) Index reveals that Azerbaijan has made substantial strides in reaching the objectives that were put in place by the United Nations across multiple domains. According to the SDG Index, the rate of global poverty has decreased from 49.6% in 2010 to 5.9% by 2022. Azerbaijan’s Global Hunger Index (GHI) has seen a positive trend, decreasing from 14.5 in 2010 to 9.7 in 2019 and further to 7.5 in 2022. The citizens of the country have reaped the benefits of its efforts to bolster health and well-being, as evident by the increase in life expectancy from 68.6 years in 2010 to 73.3 years in 2022. Azerbaijan’s commitment to improving the standard of living for its people and promoting economic growth in a sustainable manner are reflective of its commitment to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals.

In 2019, Azerbaijan achieved a ranking of 25th place in the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business report, which marks a notable enhancement of 32 places from the previous year and highlights a favorable business climate for foreign investors. In 2020, the World Bank’s Ease of Doing Business Report ranked Azerbaijan 34th among 190 countries, with a score of 76.7 for the ease of setting up a business.

Taking all factors into consideration, Azerbaijan is a highly attractive investment opportunity for a variety of industries, including energy, tourism, agriculture, and technology. In order to stimulate foreign investment, the government has put in place a variety of incentives to simplify the foreign investment process. Azerbaijan is an attractive option for investors to expand their investment portfolios and explore new markets due to its attractive business environment, strategic location, and robust economic growth. Moreover, Azerbaijan’s foreign investments have had a considerable influence on the nation’s economic growth. The country has leveraged investments to expand its portfolio and reduce its reliance on oil and gas industries, as well as to access novel markets.

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